Indigo color meaning on raindbow
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So, red appears at 42 degrees while violet appears at 40 degrees. Meanwhile, shorter wavelengths, closer to the violet end of the spectrum, have higher indices of refraction, meaning they bend farther down at broader angles as they return to our eyes.
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Longer wavelengths, closer to the red end of the spectrum, have lower indices of refraction, meaning they bend less at the air-water interface and reach our eyes at higher angles. The refraction of light as it enters and leaves a raindrop not only concentrates the light at certain angles but also separates, or disperses, the light into its constituent colours because refraction varies with wavelength. The most mesmerising aspect of the rainbow - the vivid array of colours - continued to baffle until Newton revealed that sunlight is made of every colour at once, through his famous work with prisms. But every reflection dims the beam, as some of the light passes through to the outside of the drop instead, so any tertiary and quaternary bows are almost always invisible. Theoretically, even more concurrent rainbows are possible at more angles with more reflections within the drop. A rainbow in the salty spray of an ocean wave will appear at a slightly lower angle than a freshwater rainbow.Ī secondary rainbow forms when light enters nearer the bottom of the drop and then reflects twice internally, converging at 51 degrees. While 42 degrees is the magic number for raindrops, every medium has its own index of refraction that determines how much the light will bend. This happens simultaneously in many droplets to create our rainbow. For a rainbow to emerge, light entering nearer the top of the drop bends in a way that causes the exiting rays to converge in a bright band at 42 degrees from where it entered the drop. In a raindrop, sunlight enters and bends with the change in medium, reflects off the far side of the drop, and then bends again upon exiting. You may have seen this bending before: a straw in a glass of water will appear to break abruptly and change direction at the water’s surface. Refraction only occurs when light hits an interface at an angle other than perpendicular. Light passing from one medium to another, for example from air to water, changes both speed and direction - that is, refracts. Among those who finally got it right were Theodoric of Freiburg, Kamal al-Din, and most accurately Descartes, who all realised that the key steps of the process take place within individual water droplets, specifically their edges. The exact mechanism of this constant angle puzzled scientists and philosophers for ages, resulting in many convoluted theories.
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The colourful arc always appears at the same angle. If there is enough sunlight, and if there happens to be an even mist or a dewy spiderweb in the bow-shaped region 40 to 42 degrees from the antisolar point, a rainbow will emerge. If you look away from the sun and extend an arm in the opposite direction, you will be pointing at the antisolar point.